Effect of ethionine on the synthesis of β-galactosidase inEscherichia coli

Ethionine at concentrations of 10⁻³M, 5×10⁻³M and 10⁻²M inhibits growth, both of β-galactosidase inducible ML-30 and constitutive ML-308Escherichia coli strains. The protein synthesis (measured by the incorporation of l-leucine-¹⁴C and l-aspartic-¹⁴C acid into proteins) of these strains is inhibited to the same extent as their growth. The synthesis of inducible and constitutive β-galactosidase produced by the strains ML-30 and ML-308, respectively, is considerably inhibited by ethionine.     

CHANGES IN CELL FINE STRUCTURE DURING LENS REGENERATION IN XENOPUS LAEVIS

Changes at the level of cell fine structure have been studied during lens regeneration in the toad, Xenopus laevis, where cornea gives rise to the new lens. The transformation of these cells may be divided into three phases. (1) In the cornea, flattened cells become cuboidal and rough endoplasmic reticulum increases in amount. (2) In the new lens vesicle, cisternae of the rough ER break down into vesicles, smooth-walled vesicles and free ribosomes increase in number, and mitochondria can become enlarged and irregular, then centrally attenuated. Rudimentary cilia form. (3) As new lens fibers form, ribosomes become very numerous and low density fibrous elements and dense clumps appear in the cytoplasm. These phases are accompanied by marked nucleolar changes. The changes during the 3rd phase are similar to changes in the lens during normal development. The first two phases show an unexpected morphological complexity.     

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE PARIETAL EYE OF LIZARDS

An electron microscopical study of the third eye of the Western Fence Lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, fixed with 1 per cent osmium tetroxide, pH 7.4–7.6, for 16 to 20 hours at 0°C., revealed the following new facts. The fibrillar system of the retinal photoreceptor consists of nine double fibrils enclosed in a sheath. Pigment cells and lens cells possess similar systems. Two short cylindrical centrioles are associated with the fibrillar apparatus: one, from which striated rootlets extend inward, lies at the base of the fibrils, with the other at an oblique angle to the axis of the system. A Golgi complex, whorls of endoplasmic reticulum, lipid (?) droplets, and other organelles and inclusions in the photoreceptors are described. An axon leads from the base of the photoreceptor into the nervous layer of the retina which consists of many nerve fibers and large ganglion cells. Although the pattern of neural connections has not yet been determined, some synapses were found. The parietal nerve consists of about 250 non-medullated fibers. The capsule of the eye usually has a layer of iridocytes, which contain rows of guanine (?) rods. A few parietal eyes of the Granite Night Lizard, Xantusia henshawi, were also examined. Large lipid (?) droplets occur in the bases of their receptoral processes.     

ANTIGENS IN EGGS AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE SEA URCHIN : I. Immunological and Physicochemical Properties

A number of antigens in unfertilized eggs and embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were characterized with respect to both immunological and physicochemical properties. Experiments involved single diffusion in agar (Oudin technique) combined with mutual dilution, serial dilution, and heating of antigenic extracts, as well as immunoelectrophoresis with normal and heated extracts and agar electrophoresis followed by staining of the antigenic spots with protein specific dyes. The gradual transition in migration rates of bands of precipitates in Oudin tubes following mutual dilution of either extracts or antisera allowed the identification of 6 immunologically identical antigens in eggs and embryonic stages. Similarities with respect to diffusion coefficients, sensitivity to heat, electrophoretic mobility, and reaction to protein specific dyes indicated that the antigens in extracts of eggs and various developmental stages also had certain physicochemical properties in common. Such knowledge is of importance for an understanding of antigenic changes occurring during ontogenesis.     

Physical mapping of the von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis region on chromosome 17

The von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) locus has been linked to chromosome 17, and recent linkage analyses place the gene on the proximal long arm. NF1 probably resides in 17q11.2, since two unrelated NF1 patients have been identified who possess constitutional reciprocal translocations involving 17q11.2 with chromosomes 1 and 22. We have used a somatic-cell hybrid from the t(17;22) individual, along with other hybrid cell lines, to order probes around the NF1 locus. An additional probe, 17L1, has been isolated from a NotI linking library made from flow-sorted chromosome 17 material and has been mapped to a region immediately proximal to the translocation breakpoint. While neither NF1 translocation breakpoint has yet been identified by pulse-field gel analysis, an overlap between two probes, EW206 and EW207, has been detected. Furthermore, we have identified the breakpoint in a non-NF1 translocation, SP-3, on the proximal side of the NF1 locus. This breakpoint has been helpful in creating a 1,000-kb pulsed-field map, which includes the closely linked NF1 probes HHH202 and TH17.19. The combined somatic-cell hybrid and pulsed-field gel analysis we report here favors the probe order D17Z1-HHH202-TH17.19-CRYB1-17L1-NF1- (EW206, EW207, EW203, L581, L946)-(ERBB2, ERBA1). The agreement in probe ordering between linkage analysis and physical mapping is excellent, and the availability of translocation breakpoints in NF1 should now greatly assist the cloning of this locus.